|
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments (although some research about animals involves only natural behaviors or pure observation, such as a mouse running a maze or field studies of chimp troops). The research is usually conducted in universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, defense establishments, and commercial facilities that provide animal-testing services to industry.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title="Introduction", Select Committee on Animals In Scientific Procedures Report )〕 It includes pure research (such as genetics, developmental biology, and behavioral studies) as well as applied research (such as biomedical research, xenotransplantation, drug testing, studies of breeding, defense research, and toxicology tests, including cosmetics testing). In education, animal testing is sometimes a component of biology or psychology courses. The practice is regulated to varying degrees in different countries. Worldwide it is estimated that the number of vertebrate animals—from zebrafish to non-human primates—ranges from the tens of millions to more than 100 million used annually.〔Meredith Cohn (2010-08-26). "(Alternatives to Animal Testing Gaining Ground )," ''The Baltimore Sun''.〕 Invertebrates, mice, rats, birds, fish, frogs, and animals not yet weaned are not included in the figures in the United States; one estimate of mice and rats used in the US alone in 2001 was 80 million.〔Carbone, p. 26.〕〔For figures from the European Commission, see: (DIRECTIVE 2010/63/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 September 2010 ). eur-lex.europa.eu〕 Most animals are euthanized after being used in an experiment.〔Carbone, p. 22.〕 Sources of laboratory animals vary between countries and species; most animals are purpose-bred, while a minority are caught in the wild or supplied by dealers who obtain them from auctions and pounds.〔"Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research", Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, The National Academies Press, 1988 ISBN 0-309-07878-4.〕〔Cooper, Sylvia (1999-08-01). ("Pets crowd animal shelter" ), ''The Augusta Chronicle''.〕〔Gillham, Christina (2006-02-17). ("Bought to be sold" ), ''Newsweek''.〕 Supporters of the use of animals in experiments, such as the British Royal Society, argue that virtually every medical achievement in the 20th century relied on the use of animals in some way.〔(The use of non-human animals in research: a guide for scientists ) The Royal Society, 2004, p. 1〕 The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences has argued that animal research cannot be replaced by even sophisticated computer models, which are unable to deal with the extremely complex interactions between molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, and the environment.〔("Science, Medicine, and Animals" ), Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Published by the National Research Council of the National Academies 2004, p. 2〕 Animal rights, and some animal welfare, organizations—such as PETA and BUAV—question the need for and legitimacy of animal testing, arguing that it is cruel and poorly regulated, that medical progress is actually held back by misleading animal models that cannot reliably predict effects in humans, that some of the tests are outdated, that the costs outweigh the benefits, or that animals have the intrinsic right not to be used or harmed in experimentation.〔 ==Definitions== The terms animal testing, animal experimentation, animal research, ''in vivo'' testing, and vivisection have similar denotations but different connotations. Literally, "vivisection" means the "cutting up" of a living animal, and historically referred only to experiments that involved the dissection of live animals. The term is occasionally used to refer pejoratively to any experiment using living animals; for example, the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' defines "vivisection" as: "Operation on a living animal for experimental rather than healing purposes; more broadly, all experimentation on live animals",〔Croce, Pietro (1999). ''Vivisection or Science? An Investigation into Testing Drugs and Safeguarding Health''. Zed Books, ISBN 1-85649-732-1.〕〔("Vivisection" ), ''Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007.〕〔 although dictionaries point out that the broader definition is "used only by people who are opposed to such work".〔Definitions in: *(Oxford Pocket Dictionary ) *(Merriam-Webster Dictionary )〕 The word has a negative connotation, implying torture, suffering, and death.〔 The word "vivisection" is preferred by those opposed to this research, whereas scientists typically use the term "animal experimentation".〔Yarri, Donna (2005). ''The Ethics of Animal Experimentation'', Oxford University Press U.S., ISBN 0-19-518179-4.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「animal testing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|